Study of kaempferol in the treatment of COVID-19 combined with Chikungunya co-infection by network pharmacology and molecular docking technology.

Chikungunya (CHIK) patients may be vulnerable to coronavirus disease (COVID-19). However, presently there are no anti-COVID-19/CHIK therapeutic alternatives available. The purpose of this research was to determine the pharmacological mechanism through which kaempferol functions in the treatment of COVID-19-associated CHIK co-infection. We have used a series of network pharmacology and computational analysis-based techniques to decipher and define the binding capacity, biological functions, pharmacological targets, and treatment processes in COVID-19-mediated CHIK co-infection. We identified key therapeutic targets for COVID-19/CHIK, including TP53, MAPK1, MAPK3, MAPK8, TNF, IL6 and NFKB1. Gene ontology, molecular and upstream pathway analysis of kaempferol against COVID-19 and CHIK showed that DEGs were confined mainly to the cytokine-mediated signalling pathway, MAP kinase activity, negative regulation of the apoptotic process, lipid and atherosclerosis, TNF signalling pathway, hepatitis B, toll-like receptor signaling, IL-17 and IL-18 signaling pathways. The study of the gene regulatory network revealed several significant TFs including KLF16, GATA2, YY1 and FOXC1 and miRNAs such as let-7b-5p, mir-16-5p, mir-34a-5p, and mir-155-5p that target differential-expressed genes (DEG). According to the molecular coupling results, kaempferol exhibited a high affinity for 5 receptor proteins (TP53, MAPK1, MAPK3, MAPK8, and TNF) compared to control inhibitors. In combination, our results identified significant targets and pharmacological mechanisms of kaempferol in the treatment of COVID-19/CHIK and recommended that core targets be used as potential biomarkers against COVID-19/CHIK viruses. Before conducting clinical studies for the intervention of COVID-19 and CHIK, kaempferol might be evaluated in wet lab tests at the molecular level.

An integrated in-silico Pharmaco-BioInformatics approaches to identify synergistic effects of COVID-19 to HIV patients.

BACKGROUND: With high inflammatory states from both COVID-19 and HIV conditions further result in complications. The ongoing confrontation between these two viral infections can be avoided by adopting suitable management measures. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to figure out the pharmacological mechanism behind apigenin's role in the synergetic effects of COVID-19 to the progression of HIV patients. METHOD: We employed computer-aided methods to uncover similar biological targets and signaling pathways associated with COVID-19 and HIV, along with bioinformatics and network pharmacology techniques to assess the synergetic effects of apigenin on COVID-19 to the progression of HIV, as well as pharmacokinetics analysis to examine apigenin's safety in the human body. RESULT: Stress-responsive, membrane receptor, and induction pathways were mostly involved in gene ontology (GO) pathways, whereas apoptosis and inflammatory pathways were significantly associated in the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG). The top 20 hub genes were detected utilizing the shortest path ranked by degree method and protein-protein interaction (PPI), as well as molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were performed, revealing apigenin's strong interaction with hub proteins (MAPK3, RELA, MAPK1, EP300, and AKT1). Moreover, the pharmacokinetic features of apigenin revealed that it is an effective therapeutic agent with minimal adverse effects, for instance, hepatoxicity. CONCLUSION: Synergetic effects of COVID-19 on the progression of HIV may still be a danger to global public health. Consequently, advanced solutions are required to give valid information regarding apigenin as a suitable therapeutic agent for the management of COVID-19 and HIV synergetic effects. However, the findings have yet to be confirmed in patients, suggesting more in vitro and in vivo studies.

Assessing the Self-reported After Events Following Immunization of COVID-19 Vaccines in Turkey and Bangladesh.

Though mass vaccination programs helped to reduce the severity of the ongoing pandemic, various unwanted effects were reported in Turkey and Bangladesh after taking vaccines. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the adverse effects of several vaccines in Turkey and Bangladesh and how the population of both countries prioritizes the continuation of vaccination compared to the side effects. An online survey with a pretest was conducted to gather data over the research period from July 10, 2021 to December 10, 2021. Finally, the questionnaire was shared with the mass population of Turkey and Bangladesh who have received at least one or two doses of the COVID-19 vaccines. The quality of the questionnaire was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha test. The study consisted of 1508 respondents from Bangladesh and 602 respondents from Turkey. Among the total 2110 respondents, 50.0% were male 66.8% were from the 18-30 years age range, and 77.5% reported living in the city area. Among all the respondents, 64.99% of those vaccinated in Bangladesh and 67.28% of those vaccinated in Turkey reported side effects after vaccinations. Participants receiving mRNA vaccines (Pfizer and Moderna) experienced the most side effects, with many reporting pain at the injection site in both nations. Following that, fever, body pain, and headache were common in Bangladesh, whereas body pain, fatigue, and arm numbness were common in Turkey. The study found no significant adverse events reported in Turkey and Bangladesh following the first and second doses of COVID-19 vaccination. These COVID-19 vaccines showed similar patterns of efficacy and safety during the short period of analysis. Vaccines from different manufacturers showed a non-significant level of adverse events during this binational AEFI approach to COVID-19 vaccines. More studies are recommended on the efficacy and safety of several vaccines to discover unexpected effects.

Implications of COVID-19 on oxbow lake (Baors) Fisher's community, Bangladesh: resilience to food security against probable natural calamities.

The purpose of studying the consequence of COVID-19 on oxbow lake (Baor) fisher's community is to counteract the negative impacts on livelihoods with food security and figure out diversified resilience options for sustaining basic needs of life. Individual questionnaire interviews, oral history, focus group discussion, and telephonic interviews were among the methodological techniques used to gather primary data. The Baor fisher's community was impaired with income, food and feeding habit, health and marketing. The Baor fishers had to stop harvesting or reducing the amount of fish harvest because of gradual decreasing of consumer demand and prices of fish during the course of COVID-19 pandemic period. The transportation costs were raised up to 50%-80%, while the prices of fish decreased by 15%-30% prior to the onset of COVID-19 pandemic. The frequency of fish consumption was significantly come down to 37.5%. Many households substituted fish to farm reared hens, eggs, domestic hens and ducks, lentils, and vegetables during the period of lockdown across the country. Supply chains of fish and fish culture inputswere disrupted due to inadequacy of transportation facilities. Many school- and college-going students were dropped outduring the ongoing pandemic situation due to their financial problems (10%) and early marriage (7.5%). The secondary sources of income (labor of netting in other aquaculture farms) of Baor fisher's community were also impaired. The resilience options of this study will be helpful to minimize the sudden economic crises, ensure dynamic fish value chains and food security, protect individuals from ongoing health hazards, and promote sustainable food production systems followed by social cohesion and stabilityagainst the prevailing challenges owing to the pandemic and other natural calamities.

Analysis of Structured Data in Biomedicine Using Soft Computing Techniques and Computational Analysis

In the field of biomedicine, enormous data are generated in a structured and unstructured form every day. Soft computing techniques play a major role in the interpretation and classification of the data to make appropriate decisions for making policies. The field of medical science and biomedicine needs efficient soft computing-based methods which can process all kind of data such as structured data, categorical data, and unstructured data to generate meaningful outcome for decision-making. The soft-computing methods allow clustering of similar data, classification of data, predictions from big-data analysis, and decision-making on the basis of analysis of data. A novel method is proposed in the paper using soft-computing methods where clustering mechanisms and classification mechanisms are used to process the biomedicine data for productive outcomes. Fuzzy logic and C-means clustering are devised as a collaborative approach to analyze the biomedicine data by reducing the time and space complexity of the clustering solutions. This research work is considering categorical data, numeric data, and structured data for the interpretation of data to make further decisions. Timely decisions are very important especially in the field of biomedicine because human health and human lives are involved in this field and delays in decision-making may cause threats to human lives. The COVID-19 situation was a recent example where timely diagnosis and interpretations played significant roles in saving the lives of people. Therefore, this research work has attempted to use soft computing techniques for the successful clustering of similar medical data and for quicker interpretation of data to support the decision-making processes related to medical fields. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Computational Intelligence & Neuroscience is the property of Hindawi Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Differential gene expression profiling reveals potential biomarkers and pharmacological compounds against SARS-CoV-2: Insights from machine learning and bioinformatics approaches.

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has created an urgent global situation. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in COVID-19 patients to understand disease pathogenesis and the genetic factor(s) responsible for inter-individual variability and disease comorbidities. The pandemic continues to spread worldwide, despite intense efforts to develop multiple vaccines and therapeutic options against COVID-19. However, the precise role of SARS-CoV-2 in the pathophysiology of the nasopharyngeal tract (NT) is still unfathomable. This study utilized machine learning approaches to analyze 22 RNA-seq data from COVID-19 patients (n = 8), recovered individuals (n = 7), and healthy individuals (n = 7) to find disease-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We compared dysregulated DEGs to detect critical pathways and gene ontology (GO) connected to COVID-19 comorbidities. We found 1960 and 153 DEG signatures in COVID-19 patients and recovered individuals compared to healthy controls. In COVID-19 patients, the DEG-miRNA, and DEG-transcription factors (TFs) interactions network analysis revealed that E2F1, MAX, EGR1, YY1, and SRF were the highly expressed TFs, whereas hsa-miR-19b, hsa-miR-495, hsa-miR-340, hsa-miR-101, and hsa-miR-19a were the overexpressed miRNAs. Three chemical agents (Valproic Acid, Alfatoxin B1, and Cyclosporine) were abundant in COVID-19 patients and recovered individuals. Mental retardation, mental deficit, intellectual disability, muscle hypotonia, micrognathism, and cleft palate were the significant diseases associated with COVID-19 by sharing DEGs. Finally, the detected DEGs mediated by TFs and miRNA expression indicated that SARS-CoV-2 infection might contribute to various comorbidities. Our results provide the common DEGs between COVID-19 patients and recovered humans, which suggests some crucial insights into the complex interplay between COVID-19 progression and the recovery stage, and offer some suggestions on therapeutic target identification in COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2.

The impact of mucormycosis (black fungus) on SARS-CoV-2-infected patients: at a glance.

The emergence of various diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic made health workers more attentive, and one of the new pathogens is the black fungus (mucormycosis). As a result, millions of lives have already been lost. As a result of the mutation, the virus is constantly changing its traits, including the rate of disease transmission, virulence, pathogenesis, and clinical signs. A recent analysis revealed that some COVID-19 patients were also coinfected with a fungal disease called mucormycosis (black fungus). India has already categorized the COVID-19 patient black fungus outbreak as an epidemic. Only a few reports are observed in other countries. The immune system is weakened by COVID-19 medication, rendering it more prone to illnesses like black fungus (mucormycosis). COVID-19, which is caused by a B.1.617 strain of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been circulating in India since April 2021. Mucormycosis is a rare fungal infection induced by exposure to a fungus called mucormycete. The most typically implicated genera are Mucor rhyzuprhizopusdia and Cunninghamella. Mucormycosis is also known as zygomycosis. The main causes of infection are soil, dumping sites, ancient building walls, and other sources of infection (reservoir words "mucormycosis" and "zygomycosis" are occasionally interchanged). Zygomycota, on the other hand, has been identified as polyphyletic and is not currently included in fungal classification systems; also, zygomycosis includes Entomophthorales, but mucormycosis does not. This current review will be focused on the etiology and virulence factors of COVID-19/mucormycosis coinfections in COVID-19-associated mucormycosis patients, as well as their prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment.

Major implications of single nucleotide polymorphisms in human carboxylesterase 1 on substrate bioavailability.

The number of studies and reviews conducted for the Carboxylesterase gene is limited in comparison with other enzymes. Carboxylesterase (CES) gene or human carboxylesterases (hCES) is a multigene protein belonging to the α/ß-hydrolase family. Over the last decade, two major carboxylesterases (CES1 and CES2), located at 16q13-q22.1 on human chromosome 16 have been extensively studied as important mediators in the metabolism of a wide range of substrates. hCES1 is the most widely expressed enzyme in humans, and it is found in the liver. In this review, details regarding CES1 substrates include both inducers (e.g. Rifampicin) and inhibitors (e.g. Enalapril, Diltiazem, Simvastatin) and different types of hCES1 polymorphisms (nsSNPs) such as rs2244613 and rs71647871. along with their effects on various CES1 substrates were documented. Few instances where the presence of nsSNPs exerted a positive influence on certain substrates which are hydrolyzed via hCES1, such as anti-platelets like Clopidogrel when co-administered with other medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors were also recorded. Remdesivir, an ester prodrug is widely used for the treatment of COVID-19, being a CES substrate, it is a potent inhibitor of CES2 and is hydrolyzed via CES1. The details provided in this review could give a clear-cut idea or information that could be used for further studies regarding the safety and efficacy of CES1 substrate.

Systems biology models to identify the influence of SARS-CoV-2 infections to the progression of human autoimmune diseases.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been circulating since 2019, and its global dominance is rising. Evidences suggest the respiratory illness SARS-CoV-2 has a sensitive affect on causing organ damage and other complications to the patients with autoimmune diseases (AD), posing a significant risk factor. The genetic interrelationships and molecular appearances between SARS-CoV-2 and AD are yet unknown. We carried out the transcriptomic analytical framework to delve into the SARS-CoV-2 impacts on AD progression. We analyzed both gene expression microarray and RNA-Seq datasets from SARS-CoV-2 and AD affected tissues. With neighborhood-based benchmarks and multilevel network topology, we obtained dysfunctional signaling and ontological pathways, gene disease (diseasesome) association network and protein-protein interaction network (PPIN), uncovered essential shared infection recurrence connectivities with biological insights underlying between SARS-CoV-2 and AD. We found a total of 77, 21, 9, 54 common DEGs for SARS-CoV-2 and inflammatory bowel disorder (IBD), SARS-CoV-2 and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), SARS-CoV-2 and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and SARS-CoV-2 and type 1 diabetes (T1D). The enclosure of these common DEGs with bimolecular networks revealed 10 hub proteins (FYN, VEGFA, CTNNB1, KDR, STAT1, B2M, CD3G, ITGAV, TGFB3). Drugs such as amlodipine besylate, vorinostat, methylprednisolone, and disulfiram have been identified as a common ground between SARS-CoV-2 and AD from drug repurposing investigation which will stimulate the optimal selection of medications in the battle against this ongoing pandemic triggered by COVID-19.

Multifaceted role of natural sources for COVID-19 pandemic as marine drugs.

COVID-19, which is caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has quickly spread over the world, posing a global health concern. The ongoing epidemic has necessitated the development of novel drugs and potential therapies for patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Advances in vaccination and medication development, no preventative vaccinations, or viable therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 infection have been developed to date. As a result, additional research is needed in order to find a long-term solution to this devastating condition. Clinical studies are being conducted to determine the efficacy of bioactive compounds retrieved or synthesized from marine species starting material. The present study focuses on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential of marine-derived phytochemicals, which has been investigated utilizing in in silico, in vitro, and in vivo models to determine their effectiveness. Marine-derived biologically active substances, such as flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, peptides, lectins, polysaccharides, and lipids, can affect SARS-CoV-2 during the viral particle's penetration and entry into the cell, replication of the viral nucleic acid, and virion release from the cell; they can also act on the host's cellular targets. COVID-19 has been proven to be resistant to several contaminants produced from marine resources. This paper gives an overview and summary of the various marine resources as marine drugs and their potential for treating SARS-CoV-2. We discussed at numerous natural compounds as marine drugs generated from natural sources for treating COVID-19 and controlling the current pandemic scenario.

COVID-19 diagnostic methods in developing countries.

COVID-19 has become one of the few leading causes of death and has evolved into a pandemic that disrupts everyone's routine, and balanced way of life worldwide, and will continue to do so. To bring an end to this pandemic, scientists had put their all effort into discovering the vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 infection. For their dedication, now, we have a handful of COVID-19 vaccines. Worldwide, millions of people are at risk due to the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2). Despite the lack of clinically authorized antiviral medications and vaccines for COVID-19, clinical trials of many recognized antiviral agents, their combination, and vaccine development in patients with confirmed COVID-19 are still ongoing. This discovery gave us a chance to get immune to this disease worldwide and end the pandemic. However, the unexpected capacity of mutation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus makes it difficult, like the recent SAS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. Therefore, there is a great necessity to spread the vaccination programs and prevent the spread of this dreadful epidemic by identifying and isolating afflicted patients. Furthermore, several COVID-19 tests are thought to be expensive, time-consuming, and require the use of adequately qualified persons to be carried out efficiently. In addition, we also conversed about how the various COVID-19 testing methods can be implemented for the first time in a developing country and their cost-effectiveness, accuracy, human resources requirements, and laboratory facilities.

Bioactive Based Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Viral Infections and SARS-CoV-2.

Since ancient times, plants have been used for their medicinal properties. They provide us with many phytomolecules, which serve a synergistic function for human well-being. Along with anti-microbial, plants also possess anti-viral activities. In Western nations, about 50% of medicines were extracted from plants or their constituents. The spread and pandemic of viral diseases are becoming a major threat to public health and a burden on the financial prosperity of communities worldwide. In recent years, SARS-CoV-2 has made a dramatic lifestyle change. This has promoted scientists not to use synthetic anti-virals, such as protease inhibitors, nucleic acid analogs, and other anti-virals, but to study less toxic anti-viral phytomolecules. An emerging approach includes searching for eco-friendly therapeutic molecules to develop phytopharmaceuticals. This article briefly discusses numerous bioactive molecules that possess anti-viral properties, their mode of action, and possible applications in treating viral diseases, with a special focus on coronavirus and various nano-formulations used as a carrier for the delivery of phytoconstituents for improved bioavailability.

Circadian rhythm disorder and anxiety as mental health complications in post-COVID-19.

In 2020, the world gained dramatic experience of the development of the 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Recent researches notice an increasing prevalence of anxiety and circadian rhythm disorders during COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the study was describing clinical features of circadian rhythm disorders and the level of anxiety in persons who have had COVID-19. We have conducted a cohort retrospective study that included 278 patients who were divided into 2 study groups according to medical history: group 1 includes patients with a history of COVID-19; group 2 consists of patients who did not have clinically confirmed COVID-19 and are therefore considered not to have had this disease. To objectify circadian rhythm disorders, they were verified in accordance with the criteria of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders-3. The level of anxiety was assessed by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The most common circadian rhythm disorders were sleep phase shifts. We found that COVID-19 in the anamnesis caused a greater predisposition of patients to the development of circadian rhythm disorders, in particular delayed sleep phase disorder. In addition, it was found that after COVID-19 patients have increased levels of both trait and state anxiety. In our study, it was the first time that relationships between post-COVID-19 anxiety and circadian rhythm disorders had been indicated. Circadian rhythm disorders are associated with increased trait and state anxiety, which may indicate additional ways to correct post-COVID mental disorders and their comorbidity with sleep disorders.

Systems Biology and Bioinformatics approach to Identify blood based signatures molecules and drug targets of patient with COVID-19.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection results in the development of a highly contagious respiratory ailment known as new coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Despite the fact that the prevalence of COVID-19 continues to rise, it is still unclear how people become infected with SARS-CoV-2 and how patients with COVID-19 become so unwell. Detecting biomarkers for COVID-19 using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) may aid in drug development and treatment. This research aimed to find blood cell transcripts that represent levels of gene expression associated with COVID-19 progression. Through the development of a bioinformatics pipeline, two RNA-Seq transcriptomic datasets and one microarray dataset were studied and discovered 102 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were shared by three datasets derived from PBMCs. To identify the roles of these DEGs, we discovered disease-gene association networks and signaling pathways, as well as we performed gene ontology (GO) studies and identified hub protein. Identified significant gene ontology and molecular pathways improved our understanding of the pathophysiology of COVID-19, and our identified blood-based hub proteins TPX2, DLGAP5, NCAPG, CCNB1, KIF11, HJURP, AURKB, BUB1B, TTK, and TOP2A could be used for the development of therapeutic intervention. In COVID-19 subjects, we discovered effective putative connections between pathological processes in the transcripts blood cells, suggesting that blood cells could be used to diagnose and monitor the disease's initiation and progression as well as developing drug therapeutics.

Optimal control for COVID-19 pandemic with quarantine and antiviral therapy.

In the absence of a proper cure for the disease, the recent pandemic caused by COVID-19 has been focused on isolation strategies and government measures to control the disease, such as lockdown, media coverage, and improve public hygiene. Mathematical models can help when these intervention mechanisms find some optimal strategies for controlling the spread of such diseases. We propose a set of nonlinear dynamic systems with optimal strategy including practical measures to limit the spread of the virus and to diagnose and isolate infected people while maintaining consciousness for citizens. We have used Pontryagin's maximum principle and solved our system by the finite difference method. In the end, several numerical simulations have been executed to verify the proposed model using Matlab. Also, we pursued the resilience of the parameters of control of the nonlinear dynamic systems, so that we can easily handle the pandemic situation.

Novel coronavirus pathogen in humans and animals: an overview on its social impact, economic impact, and potential treatments.

In the light of thousands of infections and deaths, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) a worldwide pandemic. It has spread to about 22 million people worldwide, with a total of 0.45 million expiries, limiting the movement of most people worldwide in the last 6 months. However, COVID-19 became the foremost health, economic, and humanitarian challenge of the twenty-first century. Measures intended to curb the pandemic of COVID-19 included travel bans, lockdowns, and social distances through shelter orders, which will further stop human activities suddenly and eventually impact the world and the national economy. The viral disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). After SARS-CoV-2 virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-related CoV, COVID-19 is the third most significant lethal disease to humans. According to WHO, COVID-19 mortality exceeded that of SARS and MERS since COVID-19 was declared an international public health emergency. Genetic sequencing has recently established that COVID-19 is close to SARS-CoV and bat coronavirus which has not yet been recognized as the key cause of this pandemic outbreak, its transmission, and human pathogen mechanism. This review focuses on a brief introduction of novel coronavirus pathogens, including coronavirus in humans and animals, its taxonomic classification, symptoms, pathogenicity, social impact, economic impact, and potential treatment therapy for COVID-19.

COVID-19, the firestone in 21st century: a review on coronavirus disease and its clinical perspectives.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak began in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, and have since spread globally. Deep sequencing analysis identified the disease within a few weeks, and on February 11, the World Health Organization (WHO) named it "COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2." SARS-CoV-2 was declared a global pandemic by the WHO in March 2020. Coronavirus disease has become a global challenge for researchers and health care workers, affecting over 174 million people and causing over 3 million deaths. Because of the widespread nature, extensive measures are being taken to reduce person-to-person contact, and special precautions are being taken to prevent the transmission of this infection to vulnerable populations such as geriatrics, pediatrics, and health care professionals. We summarized the genesis of COVID-19 spread, its pathology, clinical perspectives, and the use of natural ingredients as a possible cure for COVID-19 in this review. This article has highlighted information about current vaccines approved for emergency use as well as those in various stages of clinical trials. Vaccine availability around the world is a promising development in the fight against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We conducted a narrative review to present the current state and research on this situation, specific diagnosis, clinical manifestation, emergency approaches, herbal-based remedies, and COVID vaccines.